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.. hazmat::
Diffie-Hellman key exchange
===========================
.. currentmodule:: cryptography.hazmat.primitives.asymmetric.dh
.. note::
For security and performance reasons we suggest using
:class:`~cryptography.hazmat.primitives.asymmetric.ec.ECDH` instead of DH
where possible.
`Diffie-Hellman key exchange`_ (D–H) is a method that allows two parties
to jointly agree on a shared secret using an insecure channel.
Exchange Algorithm
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
For most applications the ``shared_key`` should be passed to a key
derivation function. This allows mixing of additional information into the
key, derivation of multiple keys, and destroys any structure that may be
present.
.. warning::
This example does not give `forward secrecy`_ and is only provided as a
demonstration of the basic Diffie-Hellman construction. For real world
applications always use the ephemeral form described after this example.
.. code-block:: pycon
>>> from cryptography.hazmat.primitives import hashes
>>> from cryptography.hazmat.primitives.asymmetric import dh
>>> from cryptography.hazmat.primitives.kdf.hkdf import HKDF
>>> # Generate some parameters. These can be reused.
>>> parameters = dh.generate_parameters(generator=2, key_size=2048)
>>> # Generate a private key for use in the exchange.
>>> server_private_key = parameters.generate_private_key()
>>> # In a real handshake the peer is a remote client. For this
>>> # example we'll generate another local private key though. Note that in
>>> # a DH handshake both peers must agree on a common set of parameters.
>>> peer_private_key = parameters.generate_private_key()
>>> shared_key = server_private_key.exchange(peer_private_key.public_key())
>>> # Perform key derivation.
>>> derived_key = HKDF(
... algorithm=hashes.SHA256(),
... length=32,
... salt=None,
... info=b'handshake data',
... ).derive(shared_key)
>>> # And now we can demonstrate that the handshake performed in the
>>> # opposite direction gives the same final value
>>> same_shared_key = peer_private_key.exchange(
... server_private_key.public_key()
... )
>>> same_derived_key = HKDF(
... algorithm=hashes.SHA256(),
... length=32,
... salt=None,
... info=b'handshake data',
... ).derive(same_shared_key)
>>> derived_key == same_derived_key
DHE (or EDH), the ephemeral form of this exchange, is **strongly
preferred** over simple DH and provides `forward secrecy`_ when used. You must
generate a new private key using :func:`~DHParameters.generate_private_key` for
each :meth:`~DHPrivateKey.exchange` when performing an DHE key exchange. An
example of the ephemeral form:
.. code-block:: pycon
>>> from cryptography.hazmat.primitives import hashes
>>> from cryptography.hazmat.primitives.asymmetric import dh
>>> from cryptography.hazmat.primitives.kdf.hkdf import HKDF
>>> # Generate some parameters. These can be reused.
>>> parameters = dh.generate_parameters(generator=2, key_size=2048)
>>> # Generate a private key for use in the exchange.
>>> private_key = parameters.generate_private_key()
>>> # In a real handshake the peer_public_key will be received from the
>>> # other party. For this example we'll generate another private key and
>>> # get a public key from that. Note that in a DH handshake both peers
>>> # must agree on a common set of parameters.
>>> peer_public_key = parameters.generate_private_key().public_key()
>>> shared_key = private_key.exchange(peer_public_key)
>>> # Perform key derivation.
>>> derived_key = HKDF(
... algorithm=hashes.SHA256(),
... length=32,
... salt=None,
... info=b'handshake data',
... ).derive(shared_key)
>>> # For the next handshake we MUST generate another private key, but
>>> # we can reuse the parameters.
>>> private_key_2 = parameters.generate_private_key()
>>> peer_public_key_2 = parameters.generate_private_key().public_key()
>>> shared_key_2 = private_key_2.exchange(peer_public_key_2)
>>> derived_key_2 = HKDF(
... algorithm=hashes.SHA256(),
... length=32,
... salt=None,
... info=b'handshake data',
... ).derive(shared_key_2)
To assemble a :class:`~DHParameters` and a :class:`~DHPublicKey` from
primitive integers, you must first create the
:class:`~DHParameterNumbers` and :class:`~DHPublicNumbers` objects. For
example, if **p**, **g**, and **y** are :class:`int` objects received from a
peer::
pn = dh.DHParameterNumbers(p, g)
parameters = pn.parameters()
peer_public_numbers = dh.DHPublicNumbers(y, pn)
peer_public_key = peer_public_numbers.public_key()
Group parameters
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
.. function:: generate_parameters(generator, key_size)
.. versionadded:: 1.7
Generate a new DH parameter group.
:param generator: The :class:`int` to use as a generator. Must be
2 or 5.
:param key_size: The bit length of the prime modulus to generate.
:returns: DH parameters as a new instance of
:class:`~cryptography.hazmat.primitives.asymmetric.dh.DHParameters`.
:raises ValueError: If ``key_size`` is not at least 512.
.. class:: DHParameters
.. versionadded:: 1.7
.. method:: generate_private_key()
Generate a DH private key. This method can be used to generate many
new private keys from a single set of parameters.
:return: An instance of
:class:`~cryptography.hazmat.primitives.asymmetric.dh.DHPrivateKey`.
.. method:: parameter_numbers()
Return the numbers that make up this set of parameters.
:return: A :class:`~cryptography.hazmat.primitives.asymmetric.dh.DHParameterNumbers`.
.. method:: parameter_bytes(encoding, format)
.. versionadded:: 2.0
Allows serialization of the parameters to bytes. Encoding (
:attr:`~cryptography.hazmat.primitives.serialization.Encoding.PEM` or
:attr:`~cryptography.hazmat.primitives.serialization.Encoding.DER`) and
format (
:attr:`~cryptography.hazmat.primitives.serialization.ParameterFormat.PKCS3`)
are chosen to define the exact serialization.
:param encoding: A value from the
:class:`~cryptography.hazmat.primitives.serialization.Encoding` enum.
:param format: A value from the
:class:`~cryptography.hazmat.primitives.serialization.ParameterFormat`
enum. At the moment only ``PKCS3`` is supported.
:return bytes: Serialized parameters.
.. class:: DHParametersWithSerialization
.. versionadded:: 1.7
Alias for :class:`DHParameters`.
Key interfaces
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
.. class:: DHPrivateKey
.. versionadded:: 1.7
.. attribute:: key_size
The bit length of the prime modulus.
.. method:: public_key()
Return the public key associated with this private key.
:return: A :class:`~cryptography.hazmat.primitives.asymmetric.dh.DHPublicKey`.
.. method:: parameters()
Return the parameters associated with this private key.
:return: A :class:`~cryptography.hazmat.primitives.asymmetric.dh.DHParameters`.
.. method:: exchange(peer_public_key)
.. versionadded:: 1.7
:param DHPublicKey peer_public_key: The public key for
the peer.
:return bytes: The agreed key. The bytes are ordered in 'big' endian.
.. method:: private_numbers()
Return the numbers that make up this private key.
:return: A :class:`~cryptography.hazmat.primitives.asymmetric.dh.DHPrivateNumbers`.
.. method:: private_bytes(encoding, format, encryption_algorithm)
.. versionadded:: 1.8
Allows serialization of the key to bytes. Encoding (
:attr:`~cryptography.hazmat.primitives.serialization.Encoding.PEM` or
:attr:`~cryptography.hazmat.primitives.serialization.Encoding.DER`),
format (
:attr:`~cryptography.hazmat.primitives.serialization.PrivateFormat.PKCS8`)
and encryption algorithm (such as
:class:`~cryptography.hazmat.primitives.serialization.BestAvailableEncryption`
or :class:`~cryptography.hazmat.primitives.serialization.NoEncryption`)
are chosen to define the exact serialization.
:param encoding: A value from the
:class:`~cryptography.hazmat.primitives.serialization.Encoding` enum.
:param format: A value from the
:class:`~cryptography.hazmat.primitives.serialization.PrivateFormat`
enum.
:param encryption_algorithm: An instance of an object conforming to the
:class:`~cryptography.hazmat.primitives.serialization.KeySerializationEncryption`
interface.
:return bytes: Serialized key.
.. class:: DHPrivateKeyWithSerialization
.. versionadded:: 1.7
Alias for :class:`DHPrivateKey`.
.. class:: DHPublicKey
.. versionadded:: 1.7
.. attribute:: key_size
The bit length of the prime modulus.
.. method:: parameters()
Return the parameters associated with this private key.
:return: A :class:`~cryptography.hazmat.primitives.asymmetric.dh.DHParameters`.
.. method:: public_numbers()
Return the numbers that make up this public key.
:return: A :class:`~cryptography.hazmat.primitives.asymmetric.dh.DHPublicNumbers`.
.. method:: public_bytes(encoding, format)
.. versionadded:: 1.8
Allows serialization of the key to bytes. Encoding (
:attr:`~cryptography.hazmat.primitives.serialization.Encoding.PEM` or
:attr:`~cryptography.hazmat.primitives.serialization.Encoding.DER`) and
format (
:attr:`~cryptography.hazmat.primitives.serialization.PublicFormat.SubjectPublicKeyInfo`)
are chosen to define the exact serialization.
:param encoding: A value from the
:class:`~cryptography.hazmat.primitives.serialization.Encoding` enum.
:param format: A value from the
:class:`~cryptography.hazmat.primitives.serialization.PublicFormat` enum.
:return bytes: Serialized key.
.. class:: DHPublicKeyWithSerialization
.. versionadded:: 1.7
Alias for :class:`DHPublicKey`.
Numbers
~~~~~~~
.. class:: DHParameterNumbers(p, g, q=None)
.. versionadded:: 0.8
The collection of integers that define a Diffie-Hellman group.
.. attribute:: p
:type: int
The prime modulus value.
.. attribute:: g
:type: int
The generator value. Must be 2 or greater.
.. attribute:: q
.. versionadded:: 1.8
:type: int
p subgroup order value.
.. method:: parameters()
.. versionadded:: 1.7
:returns: A new instance of :class:`DHParameters`.
.. class:: DHPrivateNumbers(x, public_numbers)
.. versionadded:: 0.8
The collection of integers that make up a Diffie-Hellman private key.
.. attribute:: public_numbers
:type: :class:`~cryptography.hazmat.primitives.asymmetric.dh.DHPublicNumbers`
The :class:`DHPublicNumbers` which makes up the DH public
key associated with this DH private key.
.. attribute:: x
:type: int
The private value.
.. method:: private_key()
.. versionadded:: 1.7
:returns: A new instance of :class:`DHPrivateKey`.
.. class:: DHPublicNumbers(y, parameter_numbers)
.. versionadded:: 0.8
The collection of integers that make up a Diffie-Hellman public key.
.. attribute:: parameter_numbers
:type: :class:`~cryptography.hazmat.primitives.asymmetric.dh.DHParameterNumbers`
The parameters for this DH group.
.. attribute:: y
:type: int
The public value.
.. method:: public_key()
.. versionadded:: 1.7
:returns: A new instance of :class:`DHPublicKey`.
.. _`Diffie-Hellman key exchange`: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffie%E2%80%93Hellman_key_exchange
.. _`forward secrecy`: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forward_secrecy